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Moravian Music Foundation

Moravian Music Foundation

Preserving, Sharing, and Celebrating Moravian Musical Culture

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Dispatches from the Vault

Dispatch No. 22.1

The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion

For this first dispatch, I’m highlighting an item from the Irving Lowens Collection, a significant, yet lesser-known collection housed here at the Archie K. Davis Center in Winston-Salem.   

Irving Lowens (1916-1983)

Irving Lowens (1916–1983) was a musicologist, critic, and librarian, who enjoyed a long and illustrious career. He often wore many hats, serving as the chief music critic of the Washington Star from 1960–1978, while also doing a stint as the assistant head of the reference section of the Music Division of the Library of Congress from 1962–1966. In addition to his work as a critic, he taught at numerous colleges and universities, such as Brooklyn College, CUNY, and the Peabody Conservatory, and founded several scholarly societies, including the Music Critics Association and the American Sonneck Society, now known as the Society for American Music.

Irving Lowens on Wikipedia
Irving Lowens Collection

One of Lowens’ great passions was the study of American music, which resulted in the publication of his book Music and Musicians in Early America (1964). He recognized that the roots of much of American music lay in the folk hymns and spirituals found in the many hymnals and tune books that were published for amateur singers in the nineteenth century. His love of this music ultimately resulted in a personal collection of over 2000 hymnals and tune books dating from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries that now form the Irving Lowens Collection at the Moravian Music Foundation.

Found in this collection are several editions of The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion, a four-shape tune book that was originally published in 1835. Our oldest edition dates to 1846 and marks one of many reprints and editions over the years. – ex libris: Antoinette Nading (see below) – The Southern Harmony was both the first tune book to become widely popular in the South and the first Southern shape-note book distributed nationally. Its compiler, William Walker, was a Baptist layman from South Carolina, who relied on numerous folk hymns and spirituals, including the newly popular “Amazing Grace,” in assembling his work. His singing schools quickly sprang up throughout the Carolinas, Georgia, and Tennessee. By 1866, he claimed to have sold over 600,000 copies, but that figure is hard to verify. Regardless of the exact numbers, it was one of the most popular tune books of the century and did have a huge influence on later collections, most famously The Sacred Harp. As a disseminator of this music in the South, Southern Harmony invariably inspired many of the performers who would go on to popularize a new genre in the twentieth century originally known as “hillbilly” music before it received its more respectable label of “country” music.

COVER

Like many early “shape-note” books, Southern Harmony was known as a “four-shape” tune book. The designation came through its use of a four-syllable (or “fasola”) solmization system, rather than the more common seven-syllable “do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti” made famous by Julie Andrews in The Sound of Music. In this system, each syllable is assigned a shape, for example, the “fa” is a triangle. This helps the singers recognize the different music intervals (the distance between notes), which allows them to sight-sing music without having to recognize pitches on the staff or a key signature, although these elements were still included in the notation. At the beginning of the book, there is a pedagogical section that was designed to teach singers how to use the notation. Publishers were also known to send instructors out to different towns and settlements to teach local communities how to use the books (and sell a few more copies along the way).  

The tradition of the American tune book originated with the works of eighteenth century singing-school composers from New England, who introduced the ubiquitous oblong shape of the book, the pedagogical preface, as well as many of the popular tunes that frequently appear. When it comes to the repertoire, a notable aspect of these songs is that the primary melody is often found in the tenor, rather than the soprano (often called the “treble” in these books). This is a tradition that seems to harken back to early polyphonic practices of the medieval period when harmonies were added above and below the melody (this can still be heard in bluegrass music today).

Although primarily religious, these works were often performed outside of worship in gatherings known as “singings.” The typical performance practice is for the group to sit in a square shape, singing toward the middle, with each voice type taking a different side of the square. When there are only three parts, the tenor and treble lines will double each other. In The Southern Harmony, nearly three-quarters of the hymns are for three parts. The responsibility for choosing the song, setting the pitch, and leading the group rotates among the singers.

One of the more popular hymns found in many of these tune books is “Old Hundredth,” which has traditionally been attributed to the French composer Louis Bourgeois (c. 1510–1561) and was found in the Genevan Psalter, a text of metrical settings of the Psalms requested by John Calvin (1509–1564) for his new church. It is a reminder of the diversity of musical works contained in tune books of the time.

from the library of Antoinette Nading (Reich)

This copy found in the archives has a Moravian connection, having originally been in the possession of Antoinette Nading (1829–1889), who lived in the Salem area and married Augustus Nathaniel Reich (1823–1895) [AKA Gus Rich, magician and entertainer, also drummer in the 26th NC Regiment Band]. She now resides in God’s Acre next to the Foundation that houses her tune book.

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Moravian Archives, Northern Province

THE MMF OFFICE IS NO LONGER IN THE ARCHIVES BUILDING ON LOCUST ST.!
OUR OFFICE IS ON CENTER ST., THEREFORE, PLEASE SCHEDULE VISITS SO WE CAN COORDINATE.
THANK YOU.

It is required that you make an appointment with MMF staff for consulting or to do research, so that we may access and prepare materials for you.

www.moravianmusic.org

For shopping, you may visit MMF in Bethlehem any day of the week. The Archives staff will accept payment and complete your purchase.
When convenient, you may consider ordering items on the MMF website. We can save you shipping charge if you want to pick-up the items. Please email  sales@moravianmusic.org

For anthem and lending library requests, research inquiries about any of out collections, and other inquiries,
you are welcome to send an email to jan@moravianmusic.org, info@moravianmusic.org or
directly to any of the staff, using this pattern: [first name]@moravianmusic.org

We Are Open for Business!

…however, we prefer you make an appointment to visit the WINSTON-SALEM office for research projects or when trying to locate an item.  336-725-0651  For anthem and lending library requests, research inquiries, and other inquiries,
you are welcome to send an email to info@moravianmusic.org or sales@moravianmusic.org
or directly to any of the staff, using this pattern: [first name]@moravianmusic.org

You may purchase books, CDs, anthems at this location AND you may always order items 24/7 on the MMF website. You may pick-up or we will ship.

We have recently upscaled our gift shop to include local Moravian vendors, like ArtC Designs and Handmade Stars.

 

Trinkschokolade

“Kakao” in German means cocoa, either bean, powder or hot cocoa. It can be drunken cold or hot. When it is made from powder mixes it is often called “Trinkschokolade”

Glühwein

“Glühwein” is a German mulled wine (ours is non-alcoholic), a cheery warming agent in many cultures during the dark and chilly winter months. The German word itself directly translates to mean ‘glow wine’ in English. This name was derived from the red hot irons used to heat the wine in the early days. Recipes may include red wine or juice and other juices combined with the popular spices of the season, including citrus, cinnamon, star anise, cloves, and vanilla, all sweetened with sugar.

Internships at MMF

The Moravian Music Foundation welcomes students for internships.
Both college (or higher) and high school levels may be accommodated.
Some projects require no musical experience; others require ability to read music and understand orchestral scores/parts.

Food & Drink Vendors at ChristmasFest 2022

Friday:
WutYaSay    Southern Cookin’     www.facebook.com/wutyasay
Snickety Snacks   food/desserts  www.facebook.com/snicketysnackslocal
The Southern Noodle      www.facebook.com/TheSouthernNoodle/

Saturday:
Baked Just So    bakery    www.facebook.com/BakedJustSO/
Donut NV            donut truck   www.facebook.com/DonutNvAdvanceNC
Struggle Bus       coffee truck  www.facebook.com/thestrugglebus21

Both Days:
Patriot Pretzel Co.   pretzels  www.facebook.com/patriotpretzelcompany

 

        

Salem Saturdays at Christmas

Throughout the holidays and during ChristmasFest, Old Salem will welcome visitors to enjoy the shops and displays around Salem. Make it even more special by touring the historic buildings, homes and shops. Tickets at the Visitor Center: Holiday All-In-One Ticket

Old Salem Inc. museum, shops and historic buildings will be open 10:00a to 4:00p on the Saturday of ChristmasFest. (admission fee)

More about events >>

Salem Saturdays at Christmas

Visiting Old Salem Museum and Gardens - This Is My South

Musicians Performing at ChristmasFest 2022 Schedule
Friday, December 16
5:00–5:45 Stratford Brass
6:00–6:30 The Moravian Band
6:30–7:00 Trinity Moravian Church and Logos
7:00–8:00 New Philadelphia Worship Team
8:00–8:30 Salem Band Tuba Quartet
8:30–9:00 Advent Brass Ensemble
Saturday, December 17
10:00–10:30 South Stokes High School Band
10:30–11:00 Whitaker Elementary School Chorus
11:00–11:30 Salem Congregation Band Classes
11:30–12:00 West Stokes High School Choir
12:00–12:45 Salem Trombone Choir

and

Spencer Bullins on guitar will be playing inside the reading room for most of the festival.

Artists & Craftspersons at ChristmasFest 2022

Moravian Music Foundation    Christmas CDs, both choral and instrumental, and featuring the Moravian Lower Brass

Veronica Vale    Paintings

Golden Magnolia              Soaps and candles

________    woodworking, handmade items

LaDonna Crist    Art C     Moravian gift items

Hot Sauces

Handmade Stars               Susan Moore

Katherine Loafman          Framed Moravian artwork

Lauren Hatfield Christmas gift items (Moravian)

Moravian Archives      resources

Commission for Congregational Development        books and worship resources

Unity Women’s Desk /Lynn Waggoner      worldwide Crafts

RISM

RISM: Répertoire International des Sources Musicales

RISM, or International Inventory of Musical Sources, is an international, non-profit organization that aims to comprehensively document extant musical sources worldwide: manuscripts, printed music editions, writings on music theory, and libretti that are found in libraries, archives, churches, schools, and private collections.

Search RISM ONLINE (more searching options and granularity for scholars)    or   Search RISM CATALOG (more general searching)

The RISM Catalog of Musical Sources contains over 1.2 million records and can be searched at no cost. Early western music from 1600 through to the early 19th century is included.

RISM was founded in Paris in 1952 and is the largest and only global organization that documents written musical sources. RISM records what exists and where it can be found. RISM is where scholars go when they are looking for music manuscripts or early prints around the world. RISM entries include the musical incipits – the first phrase or so of music – to enable identification of a specific piece of music (which setting of “Sing to the Lord a New Song” is this?).

Other resources at MMF:

  • Reference library: the Peter Memorial Library in Winston-Salem
  • Irving Lowens Collection of early American tunebooks and songbooks, in Winston-Salem
  • An extensive international collection of hymnals (mostly Moravian) in many languages, dating to the 16th century, in Winston-Salem

Video about Moravian Music Research
 
Books about Moravian Music
 
Blog Posts about Moravian Music

Books for Sale: Musicology

Video about Moravian Music Research
 
Books about Moravian Music
 
Blog Posts about Moravian Music

Books for Sale: Musicology

Heritage Award

presented by the Moravian Historical Society, Aug. 28, 2022, to

GWYNETH MICHEL
Asst. Director of the Moravian Music Foundation

in sincere appreciation of her contributions in support of the MHS.

Christopher Ogburn

Growing up in the Moravian Church, I learned the value of the church and the importance of its long and remarkable history, both locally, but also internationally. My own family lineage can be traced back to the Bethabara settlement, so there is a strong personal connection that draws me to the work of the Moravian Music Foundation and the preservation of its remarkable archival collection. While an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, I had the privilege of interning one summer at the Foundation under Nola Reed Knouse. This opportunity solidified my passion for musicology and is what ultimately inspired my pursuit of a doctorate in that area. In many ways, I owe my career to the Foundation and consider this opportunity to be both a literal and spiritual homecoming.

Looking to the future, I am excited by all the possibilities, including expanding the lecture series, building a more robust online presence, providing live music performances, creating workshops for local students, and working to tell the global story of the Moravian Church more completely and accurately.

My family has deep ties to the area that go back several generations. My wife, Erin, and I are excited to be moving back to Winston-Salem and to raise our daughter, June, in this community that played such a vital role in shaping who I am today. We are looking forward to exploring all the new restaurants, hiking around Pilot Mountain, and enjoying the vibrant cultural community that has grown over the years. After having lived in New York City for the bulk of our adult lives, we are delighted to be back in the land of BBQ, Cheerwine, and the Heels.  -Chris Ogburn

Bruce Earnest

What an honor it is for me to join the Moravian Music Foundation. I look forward to working with the board, staff, and community as we  plan for the next 66 years. The mission and vision of the Moravian Music Foundation is as important now and for the future as it was at inception 66 years ago. I am grateful to be leading an organization that is respected throughout the globe for its collection and significance, due to Dr. Knouse and the team. As my wife and family transition to the beautiful city of Winston-Salem, we ask for your prayers and look forward to meeting each of you very soon!    -Bruce Earnest

Psalm 99:5

ArchivGrid

ArchiveGrid                         LINK

This is a collection of over 7,000,000 archival descriptions, including documents, personal papers, family histories, and other archival materials held in about 1,500 archival institutions. ArchiveGrid helps researchers looking for primary source materials, but who may not know exactly where to go to find them. MMF’s finding aids can be discovered through ArchiveGrid. For an example, go to https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid/help/; type in the search box (upper right) “Bethlehem congregation” and the first thing you will find is MMF’s finding aid for the Bethlehem Congregation Collection, and also related collections and suggested search terms (Lancaster, Dover, Lititz, etc.), linked to those finding aids on the MMF website.

Finding Aids

Individual Finding Aids       LINK

Guide: Arranged by Collection          LINK

The archival holdings of MMF are divided into collections. (some in Bethlehem, some in Winston-Salem)

The finding aid for each collection is a “30,000-foot view” of the collection in its context. Each finding aid contains information about the size of the collection, how it was created, history of the community or key individuals involved in the collection, and a description of the contents.

A guide to the MMF collections is available at MoravianMusic.org:

For the individual finding aids, see https://moravianmusic.org/category/finding-aids/
Then, click on any of the titles and read about that collection. When this work is completed, there will be a finding aid for every collection we hold.

GemeinKat

GemeinKat is the MMF digital catalog on WorldCat.org    LINK

“GemeinKat” is the name given to MMF’s project to upload new and enhanced digital records to the OCLC and RISM databases. We have used the name “GemeinKat” as our umbrella term for the entire project, involving Backstage Library Works, OCLC, WorldCat, and RISM and the work of cataloging; also, the creation of the digital records and the creation of finding aids.

GemeinKat is available to the public, on the internet, at moravianmusic.on.worldcat.org and is a WorldCat Discovery catalog, developed by OCLC, a nonprofit organization that provides services to thousands of libraries worldwide. Through WorldCat, users have the potential to access more than 1.8 billion items in libraries around the world.

GemeinKat itself is: the bibliographic records for each manuscript, book, or printed music item found in MMF holdings.
These archival holdings are grouped by collections and physically reside in either the Bethlehem or Winston-Salem archive (sometimes in both).
For a description, see the MMF website: https://moravianmusic.org/gemeinkat-catalog/.

WorldCat.org: to search the catalog, go to https://moravianmusic.on.worldcat.org/discovery. You can search by composer, title, collection, or any number of other keywords; just go try!

OCLC (Online Computer Library Center): the collective of organization(s) that built the online database called WorldCat. It is now owned by Backstage Library Works.

A recent inquiry to MMF - Subject: Copyright/Streaming

 

Dear MMF,

I have a question about copyright and streaming. We have CCLI license and streaming license at my church, but it does not cover many pieces for organ. Would the ASCAP license provide that protection for us to stream and include copyrighted organ music? I’ve read their website, and it seems like it would.  https://www.ascap.com/music-users/types/church-or-ministry

Thanks!

____________________________________________________

Dear Worship Leader,

We have been instructing folks to follow CCLI and OneLicense guidelines, which, as you discovered, unfortunately, rarely cover instrumental/keyboard music.

Yes, it appears as though ASCAP offers a “WorshipCast” streaming license, which is set up in much the same manner as CCLI and OneLicense licenses – i.e., the fee structure is based on worship attendance:

https://apps.christiancopyrightsolutions.com/purchase-license.aspx?svc=wc

A quick click brought up this fee structure:
1 – 199 (in attendance): $284.00
200 – 499 (in attendance): $424.00 (obviously it goes up from here)

Some further good news – the WorshipCast license offered above is controlled by Christian Copyright Solutions (a division of CCLI, and it appears as though purchase of this license would allow you to broadcast both ASCAP and BMI titles, opening up even more possibilities.

I don’t think, however, that this license includes SESAC titles; thus, if you wished to perform anything under the SESAC umbrella (Dan Gawthrop, for instance), you would need to approach that entity directly for a license:

https://www.sesac.com/#!/

Thank you for bringing this to our attention.

Blessings to you in your music ministry!

Gwyneth Michel, Assistant Director, Moravian Music Foundation      – – (with edits by Erik S.)

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Archie K Davis Center

Construction began on the building in the fall of 1999, and the facility was completed and occupied in July 2001. In September 2001, the building was dedicated as the Archie K. Davis Center. More about the man, the building, and a quick, visual tour of our beautiful home.

The Archie K. Davis Center